Humanosity says…There’s a whole unregulated industry using a technique called CRISPR to produce made to order DNA. There are even after school clubs where people are experimenting with creating synthetic DNA. The implications of this going rogue are so serious that more people need to be aware this is happening so it can be regulated.
Patrick Boyle recalls that by the time he got his PhD in biology in 2012, he had worked with just a few other people and managed to manufacture six genes, the basic units of heredity.
“Today, we are synthesizing more than 10,000 genes every month,” he says, showing off a lab at a Boston biotech company called Ginkgo Bioworks.
Making genes from scratch used to be laborious and time-consuming, but not anymore. That’s why federal officials are now considering new measures to prevent this rapidly advancing technology from being misused to create dangerous viruses or bioweapons.
Genes are made up of DNA, a “code” determined by four chemical bases — known as A, C, T and G — that can be strung together to make the biological instructions that govern cells.
The human genetic code has about 3 billion pairs of these letters. The first effort to sequence, or “read” all of these letters took more than a decade and cost billions of dollars. These days, however, anybody’s genetic code can be read for about $1,000.
Made to Order DNA
The technology needed to “write” DNA is now undergoing a similar transformation. Over the last decade, the cost of synthesizing a pair of DNA letters has dropped from about one dollar to less than 10 cents.
“We can actually finally afford to write this code, and we can write much more of it,” says Boyle. “We’re coming up with thousands of new designs on a computer, printing out the DNA for them, booting up that DNA, seeing what it does and then iterating on those designs.”
When he says printing out DNA, he means it literally. The technology used for inkjet printing has been adapted to print short fragments of DNA onto glass slides. Those fragments then get assembled into larger and larger pieces in a highly automated process.
“One of our newest projects is to work on making animal proteins without the animals,” says Jason Kelly, the CEO and co-founder of Ginkgo Bioworks.
In his view, what’s happening with DNA now is analogous to what happened at the start of the computer industry.
“Except this time, it will be cells that will be programmed,” Kelly says. “And they won’t be moving information around. They’ll mostly be building stuff.”
This company uses so much DNA that it not only makes its own but also buys some from another major manufacturer named Twist Bioscience.
Emily Leproust, Twist Bioscience’s CEO, estimates that the global synthetic DNA industry is currently churning out approximately 3 billion pairs of DNA letters a year—or about the same amount found in each human cell.
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