As the COVID-19 pandemic rages, other respiratory illnesses have been unusually quiet this year. Fears of a dangerous influenza and COVID-19 “syndemic” have not come to pass as flu cases reached some of the lowest rates ever observed.
The near absence of the flu might reflect increased rates of vaccination, as seen in the US, but distancing, hand washing and masking have probably played an even bigger role. If these measures are so effective against the flu, though, why is SARS-CoV-2 still spreading?
Reproduction Numbers
Reproduction or “R” numbers measure how well a disease spreads and, therefore, how difficult it is to control. The number tells us how many people a single infected person will probably infect. The reproduction number for seasonal influenza usually hovers between 1.2 to 1.5, whereas early estimates for SARS-CoV-2 ranged from 2 to 4. This means that under “normal” circumstances – in the absence of masking, distancing, frequent hand-washing – SARS-CoV-2 is about twice as infectious as the flu.
To stop an epidemic from spreading, we need to reduce R below 1. That’s a lot easier for seasonal influenza than for SARS-CoV-2. If distancing and masking halved the reproduction number for both illnesses, SARS-CoV-2 would continue to spread while influenza would stop dead in its tracks.
But this isn’t really satisfying. We’ve basically just said that SARS-CoV-2 spreads better because it infects more people. Just what makes SARS-CoV-2 harder to control?
Aerosols vs Droplets
SARS-CoV-2 and influenza spread in similar ways: both can spread via contaminated surfaces, large respiratory droplets and smaller respiratory aerosols. However, the relative importance of each pathway differs between the two viruses.
For influenza, contaminated surfaces and droplets are the main concern. Hand washing, masking and distancing all do a good job of preventing this sort of spread.
SARS-CoV-2, on the other hand, features explosive “super-spreading events”, pointing toward the importance of aerosol-based spread. A recent study (not peer-reviewed) supports the idea that increased aerosol-based spread helps explain the different spread patterns of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza.
Masking, distancing and handwashing still help, but aerosol-based spread allows SARS-CoV-2 to evade these measures more easily.
Immunity
SARS-CoV-2 is a new virus to humans. Besides small levels of cross-immunity that previous infections with other coronaviruses might have given us (and this is far from certain), our bodies generally can’t detect and fend off infection from SARS-CoV-2.
Influenza is different. Since influenza circulates every year, we’ve all had several influenza infections, each of which has boosted our immunity to the flu. This immunity helps keep the reproduction number for influenza low since it reduces the probability of spreading infection. Without this immunity, the reproduction number for influenza would probably be closer to that of SARS-CoV-2, as it was in the 1918 influenza pandemic.
Human Behaviour
Websites that track the reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2 show something remarkable: aside from small peaks and dips, the reproduction number has hovered in many locations right around 1.
This probably reflects something about human behaviour: as people watch SARS-CoV-2 cases in their communities, they adjust their behaviour accordingly. Are cases high? Maybe we should stay in tonight rather than going to a restaurant. Are they low? Maybe we can risk a play date for our kids.
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Similar decisions are being made at the community level, with stay-at-home orders, business closures, and mask mandates alternately applied and lifted depending on the severity of the outbreak. This ultimately keeps SARS-CoV-2 right on the edge of its ability to spread.
This means that anything that spreads less well than SARS-CoV-2 is likely to be pushed below the key reproduction number threshold of 1. If this is true, then we should see resurgences of other respiratory infections when SARS-CoV-2 is gone and behavioural restrictions are lifted. This is indeed what happened in Australia: cases of the childhood respiratory virus RSV spiked after the country lifted lockdowns in October. And this was well outside of the normal time when that virus spreads.
Looking to the Future
It is good news that influenza rates are currently down, but we must remain vigilant. Since influenza hasn’t swept through the population this year and boosted our immunity, we could see spread in the summer months. Next winter’s influenza season might also be unusually severe because of the lack of immunity from this year. Vaccination will be all the more important.
Low levels of influenza circulation could also affect the way the virus evolves. Scientists will need to monitor this closely since anticipating the virus’ evolution is key to formulating next season’s vaccine.
Meanwhile, we can take heart that the measures we’ve adopted to reduce SARS-CoV-2 are working, as proven by the reduction in other respiratory illnesses. If it weren’t for these measures, COVID-19 would be an even bigger problem than it is now. As we face both new and familiar infectious disease threats in the future, we can now be confident that we have a set of powerful tools available to help keep ourselves healthy.
Author: Stephen Kissler, Postdoctoral Researcher, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Cambridge
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
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